Jacob Riis How The Other Half Lives Essay Assignment Example For Students

Jacob Riis How The Other Half Lives Essay Assignment This book discusses the migrants in the mid 1900s. The book depicts how they live their day by day lives in New York City. It helped me a great deal on Riis photos and his compositions on to all the more likely comprehend the book and the brutal reality this individuals lived. This comes to give us that life isn't excessively simple and it will cost us work to succeed. Riis discussed all the settler significant gatherings that went to the United States during this timeframe. Riis was a piece preference and generalized the individuals he expounded on. For instance he discussed he Italians as being speculators and being moderate students. He censures them as being imbecilic and that is the explanation they were undermined their compensation roll. They were informed that by coming to America they would get payed well and not be charge lease yet they were cheated. Foreigner way of life was all around took a gander at by Riis. He took at take a gander at all the manners in which the poor lived in New York from their homes to their back rear entryways. Brief discourse was composed and acceptable photos were taken. Riis discussed the spots they lived in from extremely poor lit upper rooms to nothing at all storm cellars. What the writer achieved by putting this book out was to advise the world, in its timeframe, todays present and totally what's to come. Riis indicated us the existence this individuals lived and a timeframe in America that ought to never be overlooked. This time in America is the thing that molded it into what it is today. He investigated how this individuals and called attention to it so the world can see. I have known about photojournalism however this was the main book I read on it. What's more, it was all around clarified everything with its compositions and photography was all around done. I would contrast this book with Newsweek report on the September 11 assaults. Despite the fact that they are altogether different they were both two significant occasions and done. How the Other Half Lives mixed in the photos and its content quite well and it contacted very purpose of neediness in he 1900s. From the vagrants abodes to an entire family way of life from awakening and working twelve hour shifts.Newsweek discussed another tremendous subject photo it and expounded on it. The article in this magazine discussed the subject close by which was fear based oppression and composed and photo the issues around it. Newsweek educated us regarding who was behind it and how it influenced the world and the United States. Comparative how Riis did it show how it influenced the families. Despite the fact that these two articles are altogether different they indicated us the truth we face on the planet today. It comes to show that the information is out there its simply an issue of time when somebody is going be get it and put it out so the world can see. Riis and Newsweek did was to illuminate us what was happening during that timespan.

Relationship Between Organization, Structure and Culture

Connection Between Organization, Structure and Culture Introduction Our task is identified with the subject Organization and Behavior. We gathered data from different sources which incorporates web, books, and class notes and by meeting various branches of Mobilink GSM. We were dismissed a few times by the association yet at the same time finishing this task was intriguing and was brimming with understanding. We trust our work will be valued. Result first: Undertaking for P1: Association characterized: Working through explicit arrangement is called as association. Hierarchical structure: In hierarchical structure we orchestrate individuals into gatherings and various divisions. Authoritative structure gives the pathway to the arrangement of inclusion that drives a business, partitioning it into territories or offices that are answerable for specific parts of the associations reason. An association isolates occupations among representatives to accomplish their objectives all the more proficiently. There are diverse key elements which will assist us with creating an association structure .we will talk about them underneath Work specialization: At the point when an individual play out certain occupation a few time on every day bases, that individual get constant to that particular assignment and become experienced by carrying out that responsibility over and over, this is called as work specialization. Focal points: Through work specialization level of effectiveness increments in representatives. Burdens: Employees can become bore by doing same assignment over and over. Absence of intrigue may increment by doing same undertaking over and over. Departmentalization: Departmentalization is the mix of four offices working division, promoting office, HRM office and money office. This is the way toward performing various errands, promoting items, overseeing assets (recruiting representatives, hardware and so forth) for various undertakings and giving financial plans to performing diverse of various divisions. Utilitarian departmentalization Item departmentalization Geographic departmentalization Procedure departmentalization Client departmentalization Utilitarian departmentalization: In utilitarian departmentalization people groups are gathered by the work they practice. Gatherings of individuals at that point perform comparative undertakings and utilizations comparable materials. Gatherings are then additionally partitioned into sub offices. Points of interest: Efficiency of representatives increments by accomplishing same work over and over. Recruiting/terminating and preparing of representatives gets simpler. Every office will be liable for their undertakings. Drawbacks: In this structure correspondence, coordination is poor and responsibility gets troublesome in this structure. http://static.flatworldknowledge.com/locales/all/documents/imagecache/book/27984/fwk-collins-fig06_008.jpg (htt) (Figure indicating useful departmentalization) Item departmentalization: In item departmentalization work is assembled based on fabricated merchandise they produce. Model Nestle enterprise utilizes item departmentalization method for their wide scope of items. Settle produces various items like Nestle food, Nestle Beverages, Nestle Baby care items and so forth is constrained by officials who have full duty regarding their items. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/content_images/fig/3300080301004.png (htt1) (Figure indicating item departmentalization) Geographic departmentalization: In this kind of structure departmentalization happens based on district, territory. Model Standard Chartered Bank has their branches nearly in each city of Pakistan. Like head division of Standard Chartered Bank is in Karachi and their branches are spread over every single other city of Pakistan. Focal points: Services can be effectively accessible for workers. Representatives fulfillment increments by giving them benefits in each city. Administration of one division in one city can be not quite the same as another office in another city. This may make a few issues. Duplication of assets by having loads of chiefs and staff. Absence of correspondence with head office is the impediments. Procedure departmentalization: In process departmentalization division are compose to perform specific occupation. The individuals from staff are gathered to focus on explicit occupation. In process departmentalization specialization increments since laborer needs to concentrate on single undertaking. Model: Making Passport, ID Card and so forth. Levels of leadership: A levels of leadership set up the line of power inside the association. It causes representative that to whom they will be capable. Its beginning with the governing body and reached out down through the different level in progression to where fundamental capacity of the association did. Centralization: Centralization is where top chiefs take choice; in centralization authority and force stay with high-class directors. Lower level worker are not extensive that much significant. Decentralization: Decentralization is the proportional of centralization. Here arranging and dynamic are circulated among workers. Decentralization has a few advantages contrast with centralization Representatives get inspired by including them in dynamic Dynamic get quicker. coordination improve through association Framework structure: Framework structure is mix of a few distinct plans need to join their advantages and keep away from there downsides. Workers need to liable for two bases. Authoritative Culture: Definition: A particular arrangement of running, controlling which speaks to and recognizes an association from another association Or on the other hand Physical picture of an association that is values, getting, disposition, standards of an association Qualities of association culture: Authoritative culture assumes significant job in the improvement of an association. Its gives particular incentive to association, it smoothen way for advancement and hazard taking, it gives soundness to association. Some more qualities of association structure are clarified beneath. Predominant worth: As the name shows predominant qualities are explicit characteristics of an individual or an association. Significant estimations of an association or individual are called as predominant worth. Rules: Complete structure of an association for new coming workers and to the current representatives. All representatives must comply with all the standards and guidelines of an association. Model, what opportunity to arrive, when to leave, what to do and what not do and so forth. Association atmosphere: Is physical design of an association that is how the structure of an association, is it all around finished, how are representatives of association, their dress their demeanor toward customers and so on? Model: Standard Charted Bank. At the point when we go there we will see that building would be pleasantly finished, all the workers will have legitimate uniform and so forth which is the physical portrayal of Standard Chartered Bank Reasoning: As we probably am aware for an association costumers are above all else in light of the fact that without costumer association can't run. Reasoning is the principle normal for an association culture in light of the fact that here we accentuation on the most proficient method to get clients and how act costumers. Group direction: Group direction is another notable attribute of hierarchical culture. People or gatherings of people are assembled to perform various exercises of an association. Advancement and hazard taking: Taking a shot at new thing is called as advancement, presumably development is very unsafe however it tends to be exceptionally useful for an association. https://static.flatworldknowledge.com/destinations/all/records/imagecache/book/30774/fwk-craftsman fig08_005.jpg (htt2) Model survey association culture: Mobilink GSM: culture of Mobilink GSM is to thoroughly fulfill client and investors needs, their predominant qualities incorporate business splendor, certainty trustworthiness esteem for open, corporate social duty. Sub Culture: Sub culture is essentially a culture with in a culture, similar to each association has its particular culture then in association each division has its own way of life that is style of working controlling of promoting office is not the same as fund office and comparatively culture of HR office is distinctive that advertising office. Creating Organizational Culture: While building up a culture there are a few components which influence authoritative culture at an extraordinary, of which some are clarified underneath. Monetary conditions: Monetary conditions has incredible effect on association culture provided that the ideal opportunity for an association is prosperous so certainly associations will be searching for developments, new thoughts and so forth however then again if time isn't prosperous, there are expansions for an associations so no uncertainty association will confront a great deal of issues. Arrangement: Arrangement or structure implies how are assignments requested. In adaptable organized association representatives are persuaded by giving them rewards and so forth. Representatives are given acceptable working condition. Then again if the structure of association is unpleasant so certainly representatives will be demotivated this will diminish their advantage level of work. Administration style: Pioneer must actualize such guideline and guidelines which are both helpful for workers to follow just as beneficial for association. It is up to the pioneer how he controls an association. Evolving Culture: Changing authoritative culture is immense intense errand as per master it takes 8 years for an association to change their way of life overall, yet for the most part associations adjust their negative culture. Change in culture can be made by changing crucial vision of an association and so on. A few elements which are assuming extraordinary job in changing association culture are depicted beneath. Strategic Vision: So as to change authoritative culture changes must be made in the crucial vision articulation of association. As strategic vision is correspondence reason to partners, crucial vision for an association sh

Custom Term Paper - Finding Affordable Options

Custom Term Paper - Finding Affordable OptionsIf you want to buy custom term paper, there are a few options you can consider, and all of them will be subject to your individual needs. Let's look at some of the options and how they may help you save money and time.The first place to look is at the school itself for word processing and for buying term paper. Many schools now offer this option for students and it helps them keep costs down. It also lets them customise their documents in a number of ways.You may have your own ideas about what you want, but it's always good to know what is available from the school you are considering. The costs are often at least somewhat comparable, and you will likely be impressed with the selection of paper types and other options. Even if you don't buy custom paper, it's always nice to have a word processor or access to a word processor so you can make some changes yourself.If your student's need is more narrow, it can still be worthwhile to try to f ind a store that offers it. You may find that you can pick up a larger supply for less than you would at a different school. It can also help you to pick up supplies that you might not find elsewhere, so you're likely to save money in the long run.You may also be able to get a more affordable price if you order online. This can be an ideal way to buy custom paper and do it at your convenience. It's also a great way to get a good selection at lower prices. It's also helpful if you're looking for paper because it will allow you to compare prices and quantities online, and that can help you get the best possible price.There are also some websites that you can buy from that offer bulk orders for term paper. These include companies like Staples, Microsoft, and more. You may be able to buy more than you need, though you can be limited on how much you can order per order.While these websites often have lower prices than some of the other options, you will still want to see if you can find a site that offers a cheaper price for custom paper. That can make a big difference in the cost of the paper itself. The smaller sites that offer a lot of paper may not offer the full selection and you can usually find better prices elsewhere.When you're looking to buy term paper, the most important thing is to figure out what it is you want and what your needs are. It can be difficult to know how to find custom paper at a price that's right, but there are several places you can go to find it. You just need to figure out what your specific needs are and search around for that.

The Battle Against The Persian Empire - 1532 Words

Alexander the Great is one of the most celebrated military leaders in history. His campaigns against the Persian Empire began in 336 BC, when he and the Macedonian army crossed the Hellespont and began their invasion of Asia Minor. The Macedonians were victorious in their first major engagement against the Persians at the Battle of Granicus River in 334 BC. Less than a year later, in 333 BC, Alexander faced the Persian army again at the Battle of Issus, this time led personally by King Darius III. Alexander’s victory at Issus set the stage for the final battle against the Persian Empire at Gaugamela. On October 1, 331 BC, Alexander and his army met the Persian Empire in a final decisive battle that determined who would rule Asia. Contemporary historians place the strength of the Macedonian army at approximately 40,000-47,000 soldiers, while the Persian army was approximately 50,000-100,000 soldiers strong. While the Persians had the numerical advantage, their troops were larg ely comprised of conscripts from across their empire that possessed little stomach to fight. In contrast, the Macedonian army was made up of hardened professional soldiers. The battle occurred on carefully chosen terrain that was well suited to give the Persian army ample maneuver space, something they had lacked at Issus. Overall, the Persian army had a significant advantage at the onset of the battle in terms of terrain and numbers. Alexander achieved a decisive victory against the odds atShow MoreRelatedThe War Of The Persian Wars Essay1421 Words   |  6 Pagesbecoming what it is today. The Persian Wars were one of those unforgettable events that inspired not only our military structure but government as well. The Persian Wars lasted for almost half a decade from 498 BCE to 448 BCE between the Persian Empire, of course, and Greek poleis. The war was centered around expanding the Empire of Persia as it claimed and took over land within battle and then ruling it as one while m aking a profit from it. Most of what we know about the Persian wars was written by HerodotusRead MoreCyrus The Great s Personal Life1258 Words   |  6 PagesCyrus the Great, or ‘Kourosh-e-Bozorg’ in Persian, was the founder of the Archaemenid Empire (also known as the Persian Empire). Within his 29 years of Kingship, he had managed to create a legacy that lasts to this day through his military campaigns against several empires, conquering the lands from present day Turkey to India, and ruling with religious tolerance. This assignment will discuss Cyrus the Great’s personal life as well as describe his actions that have founded the basic principles andRead MorePersian Empire Expedition : Greece ( 492 B.c )1121 Words   |  5 PagesPersian Empire Expedition to Greece (492 B.C.) Herodotus, the world’s first historian, who describes the expansion of the Achaemenid Empire under the power of its kings Cyrus the Great, Cambyses, and Darius the Great, in his book â€Å"The Histories† says, â€Å"Darius the Great had begged his god to grant him the punishment of the Athenians.† Due to interfere of Greeks in Ionian war with Persian Empire, the Persian army invaded mainland Greece to gain revenge for the Athenian’s aid to the Ionians. The BattleRead MoreThe Infamous Battle Of Thermopylae1301 Words   |  6 PagesThe Infamous Battle of Thermopylae The battle of Thermopylae may just be the most epitomized ancient story for historians and filmmakers alike. To us common folk, this battle has been anecdotally portrayed as where 300 Spartans defended and withstood the constant rigor of battle against the invading Persians. Movies have been made to capture the essence of battle and the valiant efforts exerted by the 300; as well as historians played their part by publishing works that promise to speak truthRead MoreEssay The Persian Wars: How the Greeks Won1682 Words   |  7 PagesThe Persian Wars: How the Greeks Won The Persian Wars were a series of conflicts fought between the Greek states and the Persian Empire from 500-449 BC. It started in 500 BC, when a few Greek city-states on the coast of Asia Minor, who were under the control of the Persian Empire, revolted against the despotic rule of the Persian king Darius. Athens and Eretria in Euboea gave aid to these Greek cities but not enough, and they were subdued by the Persians. The Persians became determined to conquerRead MoreThe Persian War Was A Series Of Wars1386 Words   |  6 Pages The Persian War was a series of wars fought amongst the great empire of Persia and the coalition of the Greek city-states, and lasted for twenty-one years. The Ionian city states protested against Persian rule, and expended their satraps and asserted their independence, which was the start of the Ionian Revolt. Later, Darius promised to have revenge on Athens and Eretria for their revolt against the Achaemenid empire. After the revolt Darius proclaim his rule, but it becomes more challenging forRead MoreBattle of Marathon This essay talks about the great Battle of Marathon during the Persian Wars in ancient Greece 490 BCE1405 Words   |  6 PagesIn 490 B.C.E. the Battle of Marathon was a brief but important event in the war between the Greek city-states and The Persian Empire. The results of the battle had unforeseen effects on Athens and the future of Western Civilization. The Greek Golden Age, centred in Athens, brought about new forms of art, the foundations of future philosoph y and redirected literature and drama. The achievements of the Athenians during this period were directly connected to the inspiration and prestige (which laterRead MoreAssess The Efficiency Of The Persian Empire1513 Words   |  7 PagesImmortals in the expansion of the Persian empire. - Author’s last name, first name. Title. City: Publisher, Year. During antiquity, the Persian Empire was one of the most powerful and influential nations of the world. With the help of prominent Kings and military strength, the Persian Empire expanded vastly from 553 BCE until the death of Darius lll and the end of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia in 330 BCE Thesis Statement. Through analysis the Achaemenid Empire, the battles that lead to its expansionRead MoreThe War Of The Persian War854 Words   |  4 Pagesyears. The only one that was not, or is thought to be made up, is the Trojan War. The only things they can go off of are the stories and the ruins of the city of Troy. Another famous war was the Persian wars. This war was the first big war between the persian empire and Spartans/Athens. After the Persian war, the Peloponnesian war took place, which was led by sparta. Than in Ancient Greece there were two main conquerors, Philip II and Alexander. As they are father and son, Philip II did a lot lessRead MoreThe Battle of Thermopylae began in 480 BC and was a product of the Greeks attempt help defend the900 Words   |  4 Pages The Battle of Thermopylae began in 480 BC and was a product of the Greeks attempt help defend the Ionians from the Persians. This irritated the Persian Emperor, Xerxes, because he thought of Greece as a small kingdom that had no place revolting against the Persian Empire. The Athenians sympathized with the Ionians because the Persians had also tried to invade Greece on multiple occasions. The Athenians provided feeble help to the Ionians and in retaliation the Persians struck at athens (23B). Xerxes

Ignorance And Racism In I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings

A motif is a recurring idea or symbol that develops over the course of a story or novel. The book I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou has three prominent motifs which are represented throughout the book. Ignorance and illiteracy, self-esteem, and racism are all present motifs in Maya Angelou’s autobiographical novel. Ignorance and illiteracy are displayed by Momma and Maya, respectively. Momma displays ignorance when she does not understand the new slang of the times and Maya show illiteracy when she gets pregnant by accident. Maya struggles with being a Negro girl in the south and this damages her self-esteem. Racism also affects Maya when she goes to the dentist in town as well as when she lives in San Francisco. These ideas†¦show more content†¦Later, when Maya moves to San Francisco, she lives with a group of homeless kids for a month. She discovers that people of white, black, and Latino descent can all live together in harmony and segregation is unne cessary. This elevates her self-esteem and makes her realize that the world is not just black and white. Maya struggles with her self-esteem throughout the novel, thus making self-esteem a prominent motif in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Lastly, racism is a motif shown throughout the novel. When Maya is living in Stamps, Arkansas, Momma takes her to the only dentist in town because she has a horrible tooth ache. The dentist refuses to treat Maya because she’s black, â€Å"Annie, my policy is I’d rather stick my hand in a dog’s mouth than a nigger’s† (189). Maya also experiences racism when she lives in San Francisco. She dreams of becoming the first black woman to work on a trolley and when she tries to apply the clerk turns her away. She persists and eventually the white clerk allows her the job. Racism is everywhere in Maya’s life, making it a large motif displayed throughout the novel. In conclusion, ignorance and illiteracy, self-esteem, and racism are prominent motifs in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Ignorance is displayed by both Momma and Maya. Momma shows ignorance when she demonstrates that she doesn’t keep up with modern slang. Maya demonstrates illiteracy when she gets pregnant without knowing how or why. Self-esteem is also a motif shownShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Essay2756 Words   |  12 PagesEnglish 2 Professor Padilla Themes of Racism and Segregation in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings By Maya Angelou The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the novel I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou. Specifically it will discuss the themes of racism and segregation, and how these strong themes are woven throughout this moving autobiography. Maya Angelou recounts the story of her early life, including the racism and segregation she experiences throughoutRead MoreReview Of I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings 1553 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel â€Å"I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings† by: Maya Angelou, she illustrates Marguerite combating society from a disadvantaged position. Set in the United States during the time of racism and segregation towards the black community, the novel displays the contrast in Maya’s upbringing in Stamps, St. Louis to San Francisco and her constantly changing development and maturity in herself through her effectiveness to conquer difficult situations. Maya Angelou uses symbolism in the form of the caged bird toRead MoreR eflection for â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings†2242 Words   |  9 PagesReflection for â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings† Abstract This essay consists of three sections. The first section, a brief synopsis of the book â€Å"I know why caged bird sings† is presented. At the second part, three insights after reading the book are introduced. That is, metaphor of caged bird, power of literacy, and power of silence. At the last section, discipline-specific knowledge that relevant to the main character of book is stated. Synopsis of the Text This autobiographyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings 1267 Words   |  6 PagesJoy McQueary Ms. Ball AP English Language 16 May 2017 SAHC: J.M. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings â€Å"Wouldn’t they be surprised when one day I woke out of my black ugly dream, and my real hair, which was long and blonde, would take the place of the kinky mass that Momma wouldn’t let me straighten?† (4) A theme in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is Angelou’s identity struggle as a black female. During this time in the country, colorism and a European standard taught that having black features wasRead MoreAnalysis Of Maya Angelou s I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1575 Words   |  7 Pages Kilee Bryan Ms. Grise American Studies 11-8 4/20/13 Racism Within a Society Many people that are exposed to racism tend to become insecure about their skin color and ethnic background etc. When people constantly treat someone different because they look different the person begins to feel different, and wish they were someone or something â€Å"better†. In Maya Angelou’s autobiography she demonstrates what its like growing up in a racist community and how it feels to be the outcast. AngelouRead MoreBlack Like Me By John Howard Griffin2574 Words   |  11 Pagesthe South and experience the racism blacks were fighting so hard against. He was surprised by the everyday things he could not do anymore in fear of being arrested or even worse. The idea of being a second class citizen had hit him as his rights to even use the bathroom were taken away. In the end, he could finally grasp the concept of what racism was like and was disgusted by the ignorance of the white people who ignored or proactively participated in the act. The racism faced during th e 1950’s wasRead More Racism in Song of Solomon, Push and Life of Olaudah Equiano Essay2546 Words   |  11 PagesExpressing Racism in Song of Solomon, Push and The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   African-Americans often are discriminated against, suffer from a barrage of racial remarks, and even endure racially based acts of violence. Unfortunately, this crime against humanity goes both ways. Those being oppressed may retaliate as a matter of self-defense, sometimes becoming that which they despise most. In many cases the Black man is forced into developing racist mores againstRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages............................................................................................ 144 Seeking a Second Opinion ............................................................................................................ 147 Trust Me, I Know It on Good Authority ..................................................................................... 149 Suspending Belief.....................................................................................................................

Analyzing a New Year Round School Calendar - 943 Words

Educational debates are a widespread in today’s society. Currently, one of the largest debates in education is the debate of whether schools should stay with the traditional school calendar or change to a year-round calendar. The main focus of the debate is centered around the idea that using the year-round calendar will provide kids with a more consistent learning schedule, which in turn creates better grades within the school and cuts back on summer learning loss. Year-round calendar and traditional calendar are far different. Traditional school calendar provides ten weeks of summer break and year-round calendar provides a shorter summer break but more frequent breaks throughout the year. The frequent breaks provide families the†¦show more content†¦In â€Å"District Dossier† by Jeff Archer he quotes Dawn Graff who is co-founder of a group that is perusing legal action against a school that had switched to the year-round calendar. Graff shares her concerns of the year-round school by saying â€Å"Parents are also concerned about the change’s effect on summer activities and child-care needs† (Archer). Then there are those like Frederick M. Hess in â€Å"Summer Vacation Is No Longer Necessary†, who is a resident scholar and director of education policy at AEI, mentions â€Å"It’s time to acknowledge that 19th-century school practices may be a poor fit for many of today’s families.† (Hess). Having frequent breaks at various times of the year means that a family who likes skiing could choose a schedule that has a break time during mid-January and use that time to vacation and ski without missing school while those in the traditional school would have to miss school in order to take a vacation during the middle of January. A big misunderstanding among most people is that a year-round school does not necessarily mean that children will literally be in school year-round. As mentioned in the article â⠂¬Å"Year-Round Education† by Glines â€Å"There are more than thirty possible calendar configurations, with more being invented as communities seek to meet their own unique environment† (Glines). With the wide variety of ways a year round school can set up the calendar, families can choose what option best suits their family and plan vacation or familyShow MoreRelatedYear Round Schooling1712 Words   |  7 Pagestry new things. Within the last century, education has attempted to take a leap of faith by completely flipping the traditional school schedule and idea of summer vacation upside down. Just as with any idea, there are advantages and disadvantages as well as supporters and opponents. Each district must look at their own individual needs and evaluate the trials from schools that have gone before them to decide if year-round schooling would benefit their school. The first year-round school was openedRead MorePros and Cons of Implementing a Four-Day School Week1238 Words   |  5 Pagesthe four-day week is financial savings for the school district. Anticipated savings are in transportation, food and food service workers, hourly workers and utilities. Savings on school buses and long-term building wear and tear have also been reported. After analyzing Colorado schools operating on four-day school weeks, (Dam) reports that transportation costs can be reduced by 20%. He goes on to say that in order to realize that level of savings, schools must severely limit transportation for activitiesRead MoreConcept of Efficient Market Hypothesis3481 Words   |  14 PagesAN ESSAY ON CAPITAL MARKETS, INVESTMENT AND FINANCE â€Å"Investing in a market where people believe in efficiency is like playing bridge with someone who has been told it doesn’t do any good to look at the cards†. Discuss. Warren Buffet, New York Times Magazine. AUTHOR: CHARLES EKWE RUO â€Å"In an efficient market, security (example shares) prices rationally reflect available information† (Arnold 2005, p.684). The efficient market hypothesis (EMH) refers to share price movement with respectRead MoreBea Associates4604 Words   |  19 PagesHarvard Business School 9-293-024 Rev. December 16, 1994 BEA Associates: Enhanced Equity Index Funds On the afternoon of July 13, 1992, Messrs. Jeffrey Geller and David DeRosa, derivatives portfolio managers at BEA Associates, were considering alternative ways of investing the assets of a new $100 million enhanced index account. They wanted to find the most attractive combination of derivative and cash market positions to achieve the clients objective which was to outperform the SP 500Read MoreCapital Markets, Investment and Finance Essay8037 Words   |  33 Pagesanomalies as part of an investment strategy? â€Å"An anomaly is an occurrence that cannot be explained by a prevailing theory† (Al-Loughani et al, 2005). Stock market anomalies are methodical variations in stock price related to specific times of the calendar. According to Schwertz, anomalies are pragmatic results that seem to be inconsistent with maintained theories of asset pricing behaviour. They indicate either market inefficiency or inadequacies in the underlying asset-pricing model. â€Å"Many empiricalRead More About Australia Essay4443 Words   |  18 PagesAustralia, island continent located southeast of Asia and forming, with the nearby island of Tasmania, the commenwealth of Australia, a self governing member of the Commenwealth of Nations. The commenwealth of Australia is made up of six states--News south Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Wester n Australia--and two territories--the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory. Australia, including Tasmania but excluding external territories, covers aRead MoreBerkshire Partners: Bidding for Carters6225 Words   |  25 Pagesrtners, which had extensi h ive experienc investing i the ce in retail and manufac cturing sector was initia drawn to Carter’s bec rs, ally o cause of the s strong brand name ngth of the s the co ompany had developed during its 136 d 6-year history as well as for the stren y, s senior mana agement team (See Exhibit 1 for a profil of Berkshir m. t le re.) To investigate the option of a potential LBO, Berkshir assembled a five-memb team, to b led o t f L re d ber be byRead More5 Berkshire Partners Bidding For Carter S5671 Words   |  23 PagesBerkshire B Parrtners, which h had extensiive experiencce investing iin the retail and manufaccturing sectorrs, was initia ally drawn to o Carter’s beccause of the sstrong brand name ngth of the ssenior the co ompany had developed during d its 136 6-year history y, as well ass for the stren mana agement team m. (See Exhibitt 1 for a profille of Berkshirre.) To o investigate the t option off a potential LBO, L Berkshirre assembled d a five-memb ber team, to b be led by managing direectors Ross Jo onesRead MoreMarketing Plan of Nestle9279 Words   |  38 Pagesimprove the quality of NPL. Nestlà © Pakistan also has the Customer Service Department with the logo Talk to Nestlà © in Lahore to receive the complaints and suggestions from the customers. In this way Nestlà © analyze its market and becomes aware of the new market trends. Marketing strategy include 4 P’s strategy i.e. Product, Price, Place and Promotion strategies. Product  is something that is offered to the market. NPL product strategy studies show that they are positioning the product with respectRead MoreApple Business Strategy - Essay7214 Words   |  29 Pageswas two things; price and custom. We wanted to draw a higher demand for Mac computers without sacrificing profit.(IE price) What we are left with is custom. We concluded that the consumers are accustomed to their respective OS. Most corporations, schools, and government facilities here in the U.S. use PC’s and people are simply drawn to PC because they are used to the interface. Bearing this in mind Apple is still able to draw in record profits in laptop sales. We view this analysis as an opportunity

History of kerala free essay sample

The meglithic monuments include the dolmens, cists, rock-cut caves, thopikallu, pulachikallu, kudakkallu etc. All of them are associated with burial system. ‘Nannangadi’ was the burial jar. The important palaeolithic sites are valuvasseri (Nilambur) and Tenkara (Palaghat) The mesolithic sites are Walayar (Palaghat), Mankara, Tenmalai (Kollam) Kerala is believed to have originated by the withdrawal of sea, when Parasurama threw his axe from Gokarnam to Kanyakumary. The oldest book which mentions about kerala is ‘Ithareyaranyakam’. The author of Keralappazhama is Dr. Gundert. Kalidasa’s Reghuvamsam mentions about Kerala. Parasurama divided Kerala into 64 villages and donated them to Brahmins. Famous Rock-cut caves in the Ambukuthi hills in the Wayanad district is known as Edakkal Caves. It is the greatest example of megalithic culture in Kerala. It was Fred Foset who first studied about Muziris Kodungalloor is the present name of ancient port, Muziris. It was also the trade centre with Romans. It was known by different names such as ‘Murichipathanam’ in Ramayana, ‘Muchiri’ in Tamil works, ‘Muyiricode’ in Jewish Plate etc. The ancient historian plini mentions that Muziris was an important port in ancient India. It is also believed that the birth place of Aryabhatta (the ancient astronomer), Ashmakam is in Kodungalloor. Muziris lost its importance due to the flood in Periyar in the year 1341. This lead to the coming up of Cochi port. Sources of Kerala History Keralolpathi, Kerala Mahatmyam, Raghuvamsam, Mooshaka vamsam, Unnuneeli Sandesham, Unniyadi charitham, Chandrolsavam, Unnichiruthevi charitham, Malabar Manual, Hortus Malabaricus. ? ? ? ? ? the pictures on these caves in 1901. Later this research was continued by Dr. M. R. Raghava Warrior and Dr. Rajan Gurukkal. Archeological excavations conducted in 2009 September on this site discovered the figure of ‘a man holding a vessel’ which resembles the Indus valley seal. It shows the relationship of megalithic culture of Kerala with Indus valley culture Writings in the Edakkal Caves belonged to the Dravida Brahmi script. The prehistoric people of Kerala belonged to the Negrito race and Proto Australoids. From 3000 BC onwards Kerala had trade relations by sea with the Indus Valley people Early inhabitants of Kerala belonged to the last phase of Middle Stone Age. Chathanparambu near Farrokh is a famous prehistoric site in the Malabar region. Sangham Age ? ? ? ? Roman coins referred to in Chera and Chola inscriptions as pazhankasu. The period from Istcentury AD 5thcentury AD is known as Sangham Age. Ashokan inscriptions mention about the early Cheras with the name Cheralamputra. Vanchi, Karur, Thrikkariyur and Thiruvanchikkulam were the capitals of Early Cheras. ‘Swrupas’ Nediyiruppu Swarupam .. Kozhikkodu Perumpadappu Swarupam .. Cochi Ilayidathu Swarupam . Kottarakkara Thrippappur Swarupam . Thiruvithamcore Elangalloor Swarupam .. Edappalli Padinjattedathu Swarupam Kodungalloor Arangottu Swarupam .. Valluvanadu Tharoor Swarupam .. Palakkadu Thanoor Swarupam Vettathunadu ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Agriculture was the major occupation of the people in the Sangham Period. On the basis of physiography, the land was divided into five thinas (Ainthina) They were Palai (dry land), Marutham (fertile land), neithal (coastal area), mullai (forest area) and kurinji (hilly area) More people were settled in the land area called ‘marutham’. The term ‘sangha’ was first used by the saiva saint, Appa. Venadu, Kuttanadu, Kudanadu, Puzhinadu and Karkanadu were the five divisions of Kerala in the Sangham Age. Kottavai (a form of Durga) was the chief diety of people during the Sangham Age (war goddess) Avvayar was the most famous poetess of the Sangham period. Manram was the famous socio-political institution of the Sangham Kerala. The distinctive feature of social life in this period was the absence of caste system. Kapilar and Paranar were famous poets of Sangham Age, belonged to the ‘Pana’ community. Utiyan Cheralathan of first Chera Empire had the title ‘vanavarampan’. Chera ruler Nedum Cheralathan adopted the title ImayaVarampan Palyanai Chel Kezhu Kuttuvan defeated the Ay kings of Venadu in battle. Narmudi Cheralathan defeated the Ay Ruler Nannan in the Battle of Vagai Perumthurai ? Vel kezhu Kuttuvan had the title ‘Kadal pira kottiya’. He was popularly known as Chenkuttuvan. ? During the period of Chenguttuvan, Kerala had trade relations with Sri Lanka. ? The Royal symbol of Chera was bow and Chola’s symbol was Tiger and that of the Pandyas was fish (Carp) ? Aryans began to dominate Kerala from the 4th Century BC. Ezhimala, Ay kingdoms ? Ezhimala ruler Konkanam Nannan was believed to be a contemporary of Bindhusara. ? The dynasty which existed in the Ezhimala was the ‘Mushika Vamsa’. ? Mushika Vamsa Mahakavya written by poet Athula describes about Ezhimala rulers. ? Ay dynasty belonged to the Yadava race. ? Paliyam Copper Plate (925 AD) of Vikramaditya Varaguna mentions about the Ay rulers. ? Early capital of Ays was Pothiyil Mountain or Ayakkudi. ? Vizhinjam was the Capital of Ays in later period. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Sri Padmanabha was the tutelary diety of Ays. The major Ay provinces were Pozhi Chiozhnadu (Kantalur Sata, Thiruvananthapuram and Kulathur), Changazhanadu (Kunnathur), Valluvanadu (Kalkkulam) Iraniyal Muttam etc. ), Thenkanadu (Panaiyur, Vilappil etc. ) and Meynadu. Ay Kings followed marumakkthayam. Ay Antiran is believed to be the first Ay king. The second Ay king Titiyam was a contemperory of Kapilar, Paranar and Bhootha Pandyan. The Partivasekharapuram temple (Kanyakumari) was built by the Ay king, Karunanthadakkan. The Paliyam Plate issued by Vikramiditya Varaguna shows his religious tolerance (His land grants to sree Moolavasam, the famous Buddha Vihara) Elephant was the symbol of Ay kings. Kollam Era was started in AD 825 (August 15) (Chingam 1) by Rajashekhara Varman Kulasekhara. ? ? ? Kollam Era is also known as Malayalam Era. Earliest available inscription dated in the Kollam Era is the Mampalli plate (149) of Sri Vallabhan Kotha of Venadu. The Battle of Venni was fought between Uthiyan Cheralathan and Karikala Chola Kulasekharas of Mahodayapuram (800-1102 AD) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Kulasekharas of Mahodaya puram is also known as the Second Chera Empire. Kulasekhara Varman / Ramarajasekharan / Kulasekhara Alwar was the founder of Second Chera Empire. The age of Kulasekharas is known as the ‘Golden Age of Kerala. The first king of this dynasty was Rajasekhara devan. Vazhappalli plate (AD-832) is the oldest plate of cheras. Kulasekhara Alwar wrote Perumal Thirumozhi in Tamil and Mukundamala in Sanskrit. The Terisapalli Copper Plate of 849 AD was issued by Ayyan Adikal Thiruvadikal of Venad for the Kulasekhara ruler Sthanu Ravi Varman. It was also known as Kottayam plates. Sthanu Ravi established a planetarium at Mahodayapuram. The Arab traveller Sulaiman (851AD) visited Kerala during the reign of Sthanu Ravi Varman. The Jewish Copper plate of 1000AD (175 Kollam Era) was issued by Bhaskara Ravi Varman I. This plate granted the right to collect taxes and the position of ‘Anchuvannam’ to the Jewish noble, Joseph Rabban. Raja Raja Cholan attacked Vizhinjam and Kantalur Sala during the period of Bhaskara Ravivarman (AD 962-1021) Kulasekhara empire began to disintegrate during this period. The famous ‘‘Hundred Years War’’ between the Cholas and Cheras began during the reign of Bhaskara Ravi Varman I. ‘Kulasekhara’ literature Aattaprakarm, Kramadeepika .. Tholan Yudhishtira vijayam, Thripuradahanam Vasudeva Bhattathiri Subhadra Dhananjayam, Vichinnabhishekam . Kulsekhara Varma Sankara narayaneeyam, Gauri Kathodayam . Sankaranarayanan Sivananda lahari, Saundarya lahari .. Sankaracharyar ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Shift from Makkathayam to Marumakkathayam took place during this period of Hundred Years War. VeeraRaghava Pattayam (Iravikorthan Cheped) was given to a Christian noble by Veera Ravi Varma. This plate was discovered by Lord Macauley from Cochi. Devadasi system came to be popular during the period of Second Chera Empire. Chokkur plate (Kozhikode) has the earliest historical mention of the devadasis in Kerala. Koothu and Koodiyattom were two artforms developed during the period in Kerala Ramavarma Kulasekhara (1090-1102) was the last of Kulasekharas of Mahodayapuram. Ramavarma Kulasekhara shifted his capital from Mahodayapuram to Quilon and Quilon came to be called ‘Ten Vanchi’ (Vanchi of the South) The Cheraman Legend says that the last Chera Emperor (Cheraman Perumal) received Islam and went to Arabia and met Prophet Muhammed at Jeddah. The ‘‘Tuhafat-ul-Mujahidin’ of Sheik Zainuddin refers about the Cheraman legend. ‘Munnuttuvar’ and ‘Arunnuttuvar’ were local assemblies to look after the administration. Manigramam, Anchuvannam and ‘Valanchiur’ were famous merchant’s guilds of the period. Sankaracharya founded four mutts in four corners of India; Badrinath in the North (Jyotir Mutt) Puri in the east (Govardhan) Dwaraka in the West (Sarada Mutt) and Sringeri in the south. Malayalam became an independent language, freed from Tamil during the period of the Kulasekharas (9th Century AD). Bhakti Movement ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Sankaracharya (788 820 AD) the great Advaita philosopher was a younger contemporary of Kulasekhara Alwar. Sankaracharya was a Namboothiri Brahmin born at Kaladi on the banks of river Periyar. Sankaracharya propagated the Advaita philosophy which had its roots in Upanishadic teachings. Vadakke Madam, Naduvil Madam, Edayil Madam and Thekke Madam are the four mutts founded by Sankaracharya in Trichur. Sankaracharya wrote commentaries on the Brahmasutras, the Bhagavat Gita and the principal Upanishads. He also composed poems like Vivekachoodamani, Updeshasahasri,Atmabodha, Mohamudra, Sivanandalahari and Saundarya Lahari. Bhakti movement became prominent under the Kulasekharas. Vedic schools attached to the temples during the Kulasekhara period were known as Salais. The Kanthalur Salai is popularly known as Nalanda of the South (Dakshina Nalanda). Kadavallur Anyonyam, three proficiency tests in the Rigveda, was conducted during the Kulasekhara period related to the Brahmins. Early Foreign Contacts ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Assyrians and Babylonians were the first to have trade relations with ancient Kerala. In 1500 BC the Egyptian Queen Hatshepsut, (first woman ruler in the world), sent an expedition to Kerala for spices. It is believed that Hippalus, a Greek navigator, came to Muziris (Kodungallur) by sea in 45AD. Hippalus discovered Monsoon winds in 45 AD. Quilon was an important centre of Chinese trade. Pepper got the name ‘Yavana priya’ because of its high demand by the Romans and Greeks. Italian (Venetian) traveller Marcopolo reached Kerala in 1292 (13th Century). Muziris, Tyndis, Barace and Nelcynda were the famous sea ports in ancient Kerala. ? ? ? African (Morocco) Traveller , Ibn Batuta reached Kerala during 1342-1347. Nicolo Conti reached Kerala in 1440. The Cranganore port (Muziris) declined as a result of the floods in the Periyar river in 1341. Coming of Religions to Kerala ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Ancient religion in Kerala was Dravidian in Nature. Jainism reached Kerala in the 3rd Century BC. Jainism in Kerala was introduced by the disciples of Bhadrabhanu. Jainism was popular in Wayanad, Palakkad and the island regions of Travancore. It has influenced the architecture of the temples and mosques of Malabar. The Koodalmanikyam Temple at Irinjalakkuda, dedicated to Bharata was a famous Jain temple. It is assumed that Buddhism reached Kerala during the period of Ashoka in the 3rd century BC (232 BC). The Sangham work Manimekhalai mentions about the spread of Buddhism in Kerala. A large number of Buddha images have been found from Kunnathur and Karunagappally taluks of Quilon district. Famous Buddhist image Karumadikuttan has been discovered from Karumadi near Ambalappuzha. The Indilayappam idols found in different parts of Kerala were originally Buddhist idols. The Paliyam Copper Plate of Vikramaditya Varaguna bears evidence of the patronage extended to the temple of Sri Mulavamsam, the main Buddhist pilgrim centre in South India. Naga worship, Kettu Kazhcha and Chakkiar Kuthu of the Hindus have traces of Buddhist influences. Major Treaties Kannur Treaty of 1513 between Kozhikodu Zamorin and the Portughese. ? Ponnani Treaty of 1540 between Kozhikodu and Protughese. ? Azheekodu Treaty of 1661 between the Dutch and the Kozhikodu ? ? The Ayurvedic system of treatment in Keala is believed to be a gift of Buddhism. Venad ? The source book of ayurveda is Ashtangahrudayam written by Buddhist scholar Vaghbhata. ? ? It was the Bhakti saints who checked the spread of Buddhism and Jainism among the masses. ? ? The Bhakti movement had two branches ie the Vaishnavites led by the Alwars and the saivites led by the Nayanars. ? Kulasekhara Alwar (Kulasekhara Varma) was the only Alwar from Kerala. His great works were Perumal Thirumozhi in Tamil and Mukundamala in Sanskrit. ? Cherman Perumal Nayanar (Rajasekhara Varman) was the second Kulasekhara ruler. His story is narrated by Sekkilar in his ‘Periyapuranam’. Sundaramurthi Nayanar, the Saiva was his close friend. ? ‘Karuna’, ‘Chandala Bhikshuki’ and ‘Sri Buddha Charitam’ of Kumaranasan are closely associated with Buddhism. ? Christianity was introduced in Kerala in the first century AD (52 AD) by St. Thomas. St. Thomas founded seven churches in Kerala, ie, Maliankara, Palayur, Kottakkavu, Kokkamangalam, Quilon, Niranam and Nilakkal. ? ? ? Viralminda from Chengannur was also a contemperory of Sundaramurthi. ? ? ? St. Thomas Christians were called Syrian Christians. ? The Jews came to Kerala in 68 AD and first landed at Kodungallur. ? Islam was introduced to Kerala probably in 644 AD by Malik Ibn Dinar. He founded the Cheraman Mosque at Kodungallur. ? One and only Muslim ruling dynasty in Kerala was the Arakkal Dynasty. It had its centre at Kannur. If the ruler of this dynasty, is a male he is known as Ali Raja and a female is known as Arakkal Beevi. ? ? The White Jews Synagogue at Mattancherri was built in 1567. ? ? ? Aadiraja Aysha Beevi is the new Arakkal Beevi. ? ? ? Venad was the name of ancient Travancore upto the time of Marthandavarma. Vira Kerala Varma (Kulasekhara Perumal) was the first ruler. The five swarupams named Venad, Thiruvithamkodu, Trippappur, Desinganad and Chiravi were later popularly called as Travancore. Venad had an important public body under the name â€Å"Six Hundred† to supervise the working the temples and charities. Ravivarma Kulasekhara (1299-1313) is called as ‘Samgramadhira’. By defeating the cholas and Pandyas, he accepted the title ‘Emperor of south’. He was the first kerala ruler who issued coins in his own name. Chera Udaya Marthanda Varma has the longest period of reign in Venad. ‘Leelathilakam’ was produced during his period. He was the architect of the ‘Sabha mandapa’ of the Sucheendram temple. It was during the period of Ravivarma, Thirumala Naik of Madurai invaded Nanjinad in 1634. It was the famous battle of Kaniyakulam between Iravikutty Pillai (the commander of Venad and Ramappayya (Madurai) In 1644, the English obtained permission from Ravi Varma to build a factory at Vizhinjam, which was the earliest settlement in Travancore. By a settlement made in 1050 AD, the administration of the Sreepadmanabha temple was vested in the Ettarayogam. In course of time, the Yogakkar exercised all religious authority and the pillamar occupied all political power. Thus the medieval Venad kings had to fight against Ettuveetil Pillaimar and Yogathil Pottimar. By the death of Aditya Varma, Aswathy Thirunal (Umayamma Rani) came to power as the regent of Prince Ravi Varma till 1684 AD. Thirvithamcore ? Trippapur Swaroopam or Thiruvitamcode was the early name of Travancore. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Marthandavarma followed the policy of ‘Blood and Iron’. The absorption of Attingal, annexation of Kollam, Kayamkulam and Elayidathu Swarupam (Kottarakkara) showed the military strength of Marthandavarma. By the Treaty of Mannar, Kayamkulam gave half of its territory to Travancore. Later he anexed purakkad (Ambalappuzha), Vadakkumkur and Thekkumkur. Then he entered into an Alliance with Cochin in 1757. He recaptured Kalakkad(the estern frontier). Thus he extended his kingdom from Suchindram to Cochi. In the famous battle fought at Kolachal (10 Aug. 1741) the forces of Marthandavarma defeated the Dutch and captured D’Lannoy, who later became the ‘Valiyakappithan’ of Marthanda Varma’s army. An important innovation introduced by Marthandavarma was the framing of the annual budget called ‘Pativukanakku’. Marthandavarma is known as the Maker of Modern Travancore. The Chief Minister of Travancore was known as Dalawa. Ramayyan was the Dalawa of Marthanda Varma. Marthanda Varma was born in the year 1705 and came to the throne in 1729. Marthandavarma dedicated the kingdom to Sri. Padmanabha of Trivandrum (Thrippatidanam) on Wednesday, January 3, 1750 (Makaram 5, 725 KE). There after the Travancore Rajas came to be known as Padmanabhadasas. The ‘Bhadradeepam’ and ‘Murajapam’ in the Padmanabha Swami Temple was also started by Marthandavarma. Karthika Tirunal Rama Varma (1758-1798) who is known as the Dharmaraja succeeded Marthanda varma to the throne. Ayyappan Marthanda Pillai and Raja Kesava Dasa were the Chief Ministers of Dharmaraja. The reign of Dharmaraja saw the invasion of Kerala by the Mysore rulers, Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan. Marthanada Varma ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Dharmaraja Travancore came to be known as ‘Dharmarajyam’ during the reign of Dharmaraja. Haider’s first invasion was in 1761 and second in 1773. Dharmaraja constructed the ‘Nedumkotta’ or ‘Travancore lines’ in central Kerala to prevent the Mysore invasion. It was Ayyappan Marthanda Pillai, Dharmaraja’s Chief Minister, who developed Varkala as the nucleus of a flourishing town. The palace at Krishnapuram was improved a Public road from Quilon to Purakkad was opened. The Palace at Krishnapuram was improved a public road from Quilon to Purakkad was opened. The state was divided into three administrative divisions called ‘Mukhams’ each of them was placed under sarvadhikaryakkar. The subordinate officers were called Karyakkars. Raja Kesava Das was the first Chief Minister of Travancore who assumed the title Diwan. Raja Kesava Das was respectfully referred to as ‘Valia Diwanji’. Vizhinjam was developed into a small port by Raja Kesava Das. Alleppey was also developed into a town and port by Raja Kesava Das. The Chalai Bazar, the completion of the Gopuram of Sri Padmanabhaswami temple were also done by Rajakesava Das. ? ? ? ? The surname ‘Raja’ was given to Kesava Das by the Governor Lord Mornington. Kunchan Nambiar and Unnayi Warrier were the famous poets in the court of Marthanda Varma and Dharmaraja. It was Dharmaraja who shifted the capital of Travancore from Padmanabhapuram to Trivandrum. People respectfully called him ‘Kizhavan Raja’ Zamorin in Calicut The zamorins ruled Malabar for about 750 yrs. Earlier they were known as ‘earadis’. According to historians, the period of zamorins started in the year 346 AD. The Potughese sailor, Vasco-da-gama came to Calicut during the period of Manavikraman Samoothiri. The first mention about the Zamorins is in the descriptions of Ibn Batuta. The Chief Ministers named ‘Sarvadhikaryakkars’ and the minister named ‘Karyakkars’ were helped in the administration. They had good trade relations with the Arabs and the Chinese. The dynasty who ruled a province in India for the longest period is the Zamorins. The Portuguese Period ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Vasco Da Gama was the first European navigator to reach India by sea route. Gama reached at Kappad near Calicut on 20 May 1498. He was sent to India by Portuguese king Manuel. Gama was received at Calicut by the Zamorine. Gama left Calicut and reached Cannanore at the invitation of Kolathiri Raja. Gama returned to Lisbon in 1499. Gama’s second visit was in 1502. Gama reached Kerala for the third time in 1524 and died here on 29 December 1524 and was cre- ? ? Mamankam Mamankam or ‘Magha makam’ was the festival celebrated on the banks of river Bharathappuzha (Thirunavaya of Malappuram district) once in 12 years. Initially it was conducted by Valluvakonathiri. Later the ‘Status of Protector’ was taken by the Zamorin. The ‘Chaverppada’ was appointed by Valluvakonathiri to take back his ‘status’. There were so many exhibitions, trade fairs and athletic meets in association with this 28 day long festival. During the last mamankam which was held in 1776 A. D. Hyder Ali attacked and both the Zamorin and the Konathiri lost their power. ‘Manikkinar, Nilapaduthara, Marunnara, Pattinithara, Changampall Kalari which were associated with Mamamkam were still present in Thirunavaya ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? mated at the St. Francis Church at Fort Cochin. Later his mortal remains were brought back to Lisbon, Portugal. The second expedition of the Portuguese to Kerala was led by Pedro Alvarez Cabral. He reached Cochin on 24 December, 1500. Francisco d’Almeda was the first Viceroy of the Portuguese in the East. He was appointed in 1505 AD. Albuquerque is regarded as the greatest of the Portuguese statesmen who came to the East. Kunjali Marakkar opposed the Portuguese. Kunjali Marakkars were the traditional naval commanders of Zamorin. Fourth and last Kunjali was Muhammed Kunjali. He adopted the titles ‘‘King of the Moors’ and ‘Lord of the Indian Seas’. In 1600 the Kunjali IV was captured by the Zamorin and he was executed by the Portuguese at Goa. Vasco-da-Gama reached Kerala in a ship called St. Gabriel. The Synod of Diamper (Udayamperur Sunnahadose) to reform Kerala Church was conducted by the Portuguese (1599) The ‘‘Oath of the Coonan Cross’ against the appointment of Latin Bishop was in 1653. First European fort built in India was the Fort Manual at Cochin by Albuquerque. ‘Anchal’ System The postal system prevalent in the Travancore and Cochin was known as ‘Anchal’ system the word ‘anchal’ was derived from the latin word ‘Angeles’ which means messenger. Government articles and letters were brought to the secretariat by ‘Viruthi’ people from the time of Marthanda Varma. This system was modified in 959 K. E. (Kollam era). Later Col. Munro introduced the ‘anchal system’ . The Growth of British Power in Kerala ? ? ? The Dutch in Kerala ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The Dutch were the first Protestant nation in Europe to establish trade contacts with Kerala. The Dutch East India company was formed in 1602. Dutch Admiral Steven Van Der Hagen was the first Dutch Admiral to reach Kerala (Calicut) The Dutch set up factories at Masulipatanam, Pulicat, Surat, Bimily patam, Balasore, Nagapattam, Cochin etc. They first of all entered into an alliance with the Zamorin of Calicut. By the Treaty of Venad (1662), they established their monopoly of pepper trade. Weakened by the wars with the Zamorin and beaten by Mathandavarma, they paved the way for English Supremacy. They introduced salt farming industry in Kerala. They maintained Leper Asylums at Palliport and Baypin. The famous ‘Travancore Lines’ which checked Hyder Ali and Tipu were the joint work of the Dutch Captain, D’ Lannoy and Soobba Iyer. Most important contribution of Dutch to Kerala is the monumental work, Horthus Malabaricus. It was compiled under the patronage of Admiral Van Rheede. Carmelite Monk Mathews, three Gowda Saraswath Brahmins, Ranga Bhatt, Appu Bhatt and Vinayaka Bhatt and an Ezhava Physician Itti Achuthan were associated with its compilation. The work was published from Amsterdam (Holland) between 1678 and 1703. They built the Bolgatti palace in 1744. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? First Englishman who came to Kerala was perhaps Master Ralph Fitch. He is known as ‘‘Pioneer Englishman’’(1583) The 1616 Captain Keeling arrived in Calicut with three ships which brought Sir Thomas Roe on his embassy to the court of Jahangir. British merchants exported pepper to England for the first time from Cochin in 1626. First English factory in Kerala was set up at Vizhinjam. In 1695 the English constructed the Anchuthengu fort with the permission of Attingal Rani. Construction was started in 1684. The Attingal Outbreak was on 15 April 1721. It was between the natives and the British traders. 140 Englishmen were massacred by the natives. The event occured near Anjengo. Attingal Revolt was the first organised revolt against the English in Kerala. By 1800 Cochin came under the control of the English East India Company. By the treaty concluded in 1795 Travancore accepted the Supremacy of the Company. Col. Macaulay was appointed as the first British Resident in Travancore. The treaty of 1805 which was negotiated by Velu Thampi Dalawa resulted in the loss of the political freedom of Travancore. Challenge to British Supremacy ? ? ? ? The more serious of the revolts against the British in Malabar were organised by Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja of Kottayam Royal Family. Pazhassi’s first revolt was in 1793 1797, second revolt was in 1800-1805. Cause of the first Pazhassi revolt was the revenue policy of the British. The immediate cause of the second revolt was the British move to take possession of Wayanadu which had been ceded to them by the Mysore ruler under the Partition Treaty following the fall of Srirangapattanam in 1799. ? ? ? ? ? IIIIIIIII IIIII Pazhassi Raja organised the guerilla warfare from the Wynadu hills particularly from the Puralimala with the help of Kurichyas and Kurumbas, the tribals of Wynadu and Nairs. ‘‘Kerala Simham’ is a historical novel written by Sardar K. M. Panicker about Pazhassi Raja. The Malayalam film ‘Kerala Simham’ was directed by Navodaya Appachan. On the 30th November 1805 the Raja was shot dead by Thomas Harvey Baber, Subcollector of Tellichery. Sir Arthur Wellesley (later Duke of Wellington) was the Commander in Chief of the British forces in Malabar. Pazhassi was killed on the banks of ‘Mavilathode’. Parankippadayali is also a novel written by K. M. Panicker. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? VeluThampi was the Dalawa of Travancore Velu Thampi was appointed as Mulakumadiseela Karyakkar (Commercial minister in 1799 by Balaramavarma) In 1800 he became the Dalawa. Velu Thampi introduced travelling courts in Travancore. On 11 January 1809 (1st Makaram 984) issued the famous Kundara Proclamation indicting the British rule and exhorting the people to rally under his banner for a patriotic struggle against the foreigners. He organised the Hajoor Kachery at Kollam. Velu Thampi committed suicide in the house of the Potti of the Bhagavati temple at Mannadi. His relatives were deported to Maldives. The oldest male member of the Paliyam family was the hereditary Diwan of Cochin Raja. Paliyat Achan revolted against the British in collaboration with Velu Thampi. But he was finally defeated and deported to Madras. Cochin became a subsidiary state of the British in 1809. The Kurichyas and Kurumbas of Wynad rose in revolt against the British in 1812. Kurichya Revolt was the last of the early revolts broke out in Malabar against the British supremacy. Kulachal Battle . 1741 ? Kundara Proclamation .. 1809 ? Kurichyar Rebellion .. 1812 ? Channar Lahala 1859 ? Malayali Memorial (Travancore) .. 1891 ? Ezhava Memorial . 1896 ? Mopla Rebellion, Wagon Tragedy .. 1921 ? Vaikkom Satyagraha .. 1924 ? Civil Disobedience Movement .. 1930 ? Guruvayoor Satyagraha 1931 ? Nivarthana Agitation . 1932 ? Temple Entry Proclamation . 1936 ? State Congress Movement . 1938 ? Kayyur Rebellion 1941 ? Punnapra Vayalar Rebellion 1946 ? Formation of Kerala State 1956 ? Revolt of Velu Thampi Paliath Achan Attingal Rebellion .. 1721 Liberation Movement 1959 Enlightened Administration in Travancore ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? After the death of Dharmaraja, Balarama Varma came to the throne. He appointed Velu Thampi as his commerce minister and then the Dalawa. Ummini Thampi became the new Dalawa after Velu Thampi. The weaver’s township of Balaramapuram was created by Ummini Thampi. Resident Col. Monro was appointed as the first English Diwan in Travancore The Secretariat System was introduced in Travancore by Col. Munro. Col. Munro changed the Karyakkar position to Tahsildar. The direct management of Devaswams by Govt was introduced by Col. Monro. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? In 1812 Rani Gauri Lakshmi Bai abolished slavery in Travancore. The London Mission Society (LMS) at Nagercoil established in 1816 under the patronage of Gauri Parvati Bai. The reign of Swathi Thirunal (1829-1847) was the Golden Age in the history of Travancore. Swathi Thirunal was known as ‘Garbhasreeman’ Sucheendram Kaimukku was also abolished by Swathi Thirunal. He shifted Hajoor Kachery from Quilon to Trivandrum. He introduced English Education in Trivandrum. Sir C. P. Ramaswami Ayyar was the Diwan of Sri Chitira Thirunal. An English School was opened at TVM in 1834 Raja’s Free School. Swathi Thirunal opened the Trivandrum Observatory in 1836. He introduced the first charity hospital at TVM. He set up the Department of Engineering, Irrigation and Maramathu Department for the first time. First census of the state was conducted in 1836 by Swathi Thirunal. Utram Tirunal Marthanda Varma abolished all restrictions in regard to the covering of their upper parts by a Channar women in South Travancore in 1859. First Post-Office in Travancore (also of Kerala) was opened at Alleppey during the reign of Utram Thirunal Marthanda Varma in 1857. First modern factory for the manufacture of coir was also opened at Alleppey (1859) during the period of Utram Thirunal Marthanda Varma. Beginning of Agrarian Reforms in Travancore was during the period of Ayilyam Thirunal The Pandarapattam Proclamation (1865) and the Janmi-Kudiyan Proclamation (1867) for agrarian reforms were during the period of Ayilyam Thirunal. Trivandrum Museum building and the main building of Trivandrum University College were constructed during the reign of Ayilyam Thirunal. The first systematic census of Travancore was taken on May 18, 1875 by Ayilyam Thirunal. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Ayilyam Thirunal was also the first Raja of Travancore to receive the title ‘Maharaja’ from the British crown. Ayurveda College was started during the period of Sri Mulam Thirunal (1885-1924) Sri Mulam Tirunal formulated a Legislative Council in 1888. This was the first Legislative Council in an Indian State. The Sri Mulam Popular Assembly (Praja Sabha) was formed in 1904 by Sri Mulam Thirunal. Devadasi System